An overshot watermill wheel in Polperrow, Cornwall. The top half of the wheel with wooden buckets against the white stone walls of the mill. Above is the wooden sluice that feeds water into the buckets to turn the wheel, although no water is flowing. Some of the buckets have green plants growing in them.

The rotary quern was perhaps the first labour-saving device. Using water power, rather than muscles, to turn the millstone made it even more efficient. Without watermills, it is doubtful whether ancient Romans could have enjoyed their bread and circuses. Because they require capital investment and...

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Habits I have aplenty, some of them bordering on the obsessive. Do I need to weigh myself every morning if I record my weight only once a week? But rituals, very few. So what’s the difference?

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Engraving of the constellation Virgo, showing a winged young woman in a red dress and green underskirt holding a palm branch in her right hand and in her left a sheaf of wheat, corresponding to the the star Spica, as shown in Plate 21 of Urania's Mirror, published 1824.

August 15th is Ferragosto, a big-time holiday in Italy that harks back to the Emperor Augustus and represents a well-earned rest after the harvest. It is also the Feast Day of the Assumption, the day on which, Catholics believe, the Virgin Mary was taken, body and soul, into heaven.

Is there a c...

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Someone kindly mentioned that a link I POSSEd to Mastodon seemed to be broken. I went to check, and was faced with a terrifying screen that told me that my CMS was correctly installed, but no Administrator had been created and would I like to create one. Yikes!

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Three women seated on the ground in front of a building. On the left, a woman in a red dress has her hands in a bowl of wheat seeds. On the right, a woman in a blue dress holds the handle of a rotary quern. On the far right, a woman in white feeds wheat into the hole in the centre of the quern. From a 1912 postcard entitled Peasants Grinding Corn at Jerusalem.

It has been a long time since anyone who wanted to eat bread had to first grind their wheat. Grinding, however, was absolutely fundamental to agricultural societies, and still is for some. Archaeologists can see how the work left its mark on the skeletons of the women who ground the corn in the va...

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